What Is Gum Disease?
Gum disease is a common but serious condition that affects the gums and the tissues supporting your teeth. It begins with the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth.
Understanding gum disease, its stages, causes, and how it can be prevented is essential for maintaining good oral health.
Stages of Gum Disease
Gum disease progresses in stages, ranging from mild to severe. The earliest and mildest form of gum disease, gingivitis, occurs when plaque accumulates on the teeth and irritates the gums. The most noticeable symptoms include red, swollen gums that may bleed when brushing or flossing. Gingivitis is usually reversible with good oral hygiene, such as regular brushing and flossing.
If gingivitis is left untreated, however, it can progress to a more serious condition known as periodontitis, which affects not only the gums but also the bone that holds the teeth in place. Here, the gums begin to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets of separation that can collect food particles and the bacteria that both causes and worsens the infection. Periodontitis can lead to shifting teeth, persistent bad breath, gumline recession, and even tooth loss if not treated.
In especially severe cases, periodontitis can cause significant damage to the gums, bone, tendons, and other structures that support the teeth. Your teeth may become loose, and extensive bone loss can occur. Advanced gum disease may require surgical intervention to restore gum health, and tooth extraction may even be necessary.
What Causes Gum Disease?
Gum disease is primarily caused by poor oral hygiene, which allows bacteria—in the form of plaque and tartar—to build up on the teeth and irritate the gums. Several other factors, though, can increase the risk of developing gum disease, such as:
- Tobacco Use: Cigarettes or chewing tobacco are among the most significant risk factors for gum disease. Tobacco use weakens the immune system and prevents gums from healing on their own.
- Genetics: Some people may be genetically predisposed to gum disease. A family history of periodontal disease may increase your risk.
- Medical Conditions: Changes in your body’s hormone levels due to pregnancy, menstruation, menopause, or other conditions can make the gums more sensitive, increasing the risk of gum disease. Diabetes, heart disease, and certain autoimmune diseases can weaken the body’s ability to fight infections.
- Medications: Some medications can contribute to gum disease by creating a dry mouth. Saliva helps wash away food particles and bacteria, so a lack of it can lead to plaque buildup. Ask your doctor about any potential adverse effects from medications you may be taking.
- Poor Nutrition: A diet low in essential nutrients, particularly vitamin C, can impair the body’s ability to fight infection.
Prevention and Treatment
If it is not addressed, gum disease, especially in its more serious forms, can have lasting effects on your oral health. The best way to prevent gum disease is by practicing good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing, using mouthwash, and visiting your dentist regularly for professional cleanings.
By recognizing the signs of gum disease early, you can help prevent disease’s progression and keep your mouth healthy. If you experience symptoms like bleeding gums, persistent bad breath, or shifting teeth, seek dental care immediately.